Dark Matter,
an Alternative Explanation
A photon carries energy and momentum until it collides with matter, where its "dark" energy in the guise of photon momentum is partly converted into kinetic energy, changing the object's motion in space.
When this photon with an appropriate wavelength would collide with an electron in a rod of the retina of one of your eyes, you would see one of the properties of dark energy!
Dark Matter and Dark Energy may be not mysterious at all!
With Newton’s laws of physics, we are able to model the motions of planets in the Solar System quite accurately. In the 1970's it was discovered that this didn’t work for disc galaxies – stars at their outer edges, far from the gravitational force of all the matter at their center – were moving much faster than predicted by Newton’s theory. Scientists proposed the existence of an invisible substance they called "Dark Matter".
The primary candidate for dark matter is thought to be some new kind of elementary particle that has not yet been discovered. An alternative theory of gravity called Milgromian dynamics or Mond – requiring no invisible matter – has been proposed. Mond’s primary postulate is that when gravity becomes very weak, as it does near the edge of galaxies, it starts behaving differently from Newtonian physics.
The theory made it possible to predict - sometimes with unacceptable deviations - the behaviour of disc galaxies.
On dark-matter.space an alternative explanation of physical causes of the 'existence' of dark matter is tried to be given. The author of this theory is Ing. Berno Leerkotte MSc, a retired (1953) engineer from the Netherlands. Berno always tries to find logical explanations for the behavior of physical systems on earth itself but therefore also in space.
Why are we looking for some new kind of elementary particle, or changing physics in other locations in galaxies, when it could be more obviously that the dark matter we are looking for is something with physical properties we know well?
Summarized: Dark Matter may be not mysterious at all!
What kind of dark matter in space is not mysterious at all?
Since more than 13 billion years a countless number of stars is born and nuclear processes have burned a large mass of those stars into electromagnetic radiation combined with emitting vast amounts of particles. At the end of life each star dies in a more or less spectacular way. Often large amounts of mass are propelled in all directions.
The mentioned emitted particles in general have that small sizes and properties that infrared and visible light will not notably be scattered or adsorbed. During 13 billion years this kind of particles - dark matter - is pumped by stars into space.
Dark energy is the result of electromagnetic energy emitted by trillions of stars during their lifetimes. This EM-energy (photons) consists of gamma-rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared etc.
It is good to realize that visible light is one visible when it reaches certain cells in one of your eyes. This "dark energy" caused over billions of years "dark matter" that is responsible for the expansion of space.
Dark matter that keeps galaxies together will be discussed later when the possibility of interaction of electromagnetic waves (photons) with mass is our topic.
The cause of the expansion and the end of space.
Since the moment of the big bang tremendous amounts of mass has been propelled into the expanding space. When space was cooled down enough clustering of mass gave birth the the first stars. In the following 12 billions of years the number of galaxies filled with stars were born and lots of them 'died' when ejecting lots of particles and dust into its environment. During the lifetime of stars a lot of energy in the form of photons is emitted into space.
Due to the momentum of each photon, each collision with a dust particle will cause that the speed and direction of that particle will change a little.
Imagine a dust particle that had been launched by a supernova will be propelled to even higher speeds by the momentums of trillions of photons colliding with it. When the dust particle has moved outside the influence of the dying star, it will continue its journey to the edges of the expanding universe. Even during this travel of billions of years the kinetic energy will increase on average because of the fact most of the photons are colliding on backside (the direction where most galaxies and their stars are) of the dust particle.
This description of the behavior of one dust particle will occur on all particles in space since the early days of the universe.
This all means that the vast amount of mass of the universe has been propelled to the the edges of the universe, and a lot of dust particles is travelling with extreme speed in the direction of the edges of space.
The mentioned dust particle are traveling with higher speed than the galaxies in the expanding universe.
One can imagine that this multi-billion years process has formed a very thick sphere of mass more or less around the whole universe.
This thick sphere could contain a lot more mass than all galaxies in space together.
The sphere is expected to grow constantly because of the activities of the universe 'inside' it.
The tremendous mass of the sphere is causing huge gravitational influences on galaxies nearer to the sphere. This explains that acceleration away from the center of very far away galaxies is higher than those nearer to the the center. Galaxies somewhere in the middle of the sphere are practically not influenced because the gravitational influences are cancelled out there.
Probably some day, maybe in the far future or maybe in the far past, the sphere will grow with descending speed. The kinetic energy and the amount of incoming dust particles will decrease over time. The inner universe will glow out and cools down. Then, one day the spere will start to collapse because the far away galaxies will fall into the thick spere and integrate with it. The the density of mass of the sphere increases and will cause a shrinking of the sphere. Then the sphere will decease rapidly in size. It will consume more and more galaxies with a growing rate. One day the shrinking sphere will reach such a density of mass that the shrinking speed will almost reach the speed of light. The whole rest of the universe will be consumed and the mass of the universe will collide with an enormous amount of kinetic energy in an area where many billions of years once a big bang was.
What keeps galaxies together?
Below are just thoughts. Are they true? I'll think about it. ;-)
Dust particles, elementary particles and molecules emitted by stars are additionally accelerated by the momentum of the huge amounts of photons coming from the star. The velocity of some of these particles can reach values that effectively increase the mass of these relativistic particles. These particles can be called dark matter, and these are capable of bringing the necessary extra mass and gravity into the plane of a galaxy to prevent the galaxy from tearing itself apart.
Particles that have reached significant relativistic velocities will continue their movement through the galaxy. Particles moving in the plane of a galactic disk and originating from different stars will influence the motion by mutual gravitational forces. These forces will keep most relativistic particles more or less in the plane of the galaxy. The density of particles within the plane is low, but the distances between all the stars is enormous. The tremendous amount of accumulated mass of space between adjacent stars adds relatively large gravitational forces that hold the stars of a rotating galaxy together.
It should be noticed that almost all relativistic particles moving in the plane of the galaxy will finally leave the galaxy in that plane whilst adding relatively a lot of mass for creating the needed gravity to keep even the stars on the very edge of the galaxy together.
Another thought: (from: https://m.astronomy.com/news/2018/09/what-is-dark-matter)
What if when it is true that photons would have just a very very small mass? Space is filled up with an in fact infinite number of photons which were radiated since billions of years up to the ones that are radiated in this second. The density of photons is the highest in the plane of a galaxy, because of the fact the waves from each star in the direction of other stars in the plane are gaining intensity. Because each photon is dark until it hits a cell in your retina in your eye or a CCD camera device in a telescope. The high density of photons in the plane of a galaxy can be ‘seen’ as a high density of dark matter, so causing higher rotational speedS of the stars thaN could be caused by the masses of the stars alone.
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